From fish to a fountain – the antepenultimate post on Old Qári roots.
ngkʷ “fish”
zero-grade: ṇ́gkʷɨ ‘small fish’; ṇ́gkʷɨti ‘fish sauce’;
front grade: pənégkʷu ‘to catch fish’;
back grade: nágkʷə ‘large fish’;
nkn “leaf, grass”
zero-grade: ṇ́knɨ ‘leaf’; ŋṇ́kṇx ‘papyrus’;
front grade: ṇnékṇtə ‘to thatch’; nékṇti ‘basket’; pɨxṇkné ‘to remove grass from a field, to weed’; ṇxṇkné ‘to stuff, to upholster’;
back grade: náknṣt ‘steppe, pastureland’; ṇkná ‘grass’; náknil ‘blade’;
nxd “to join, to connect”
zero-grade: nə́dɨ ‘joint, connection’
front grade: nədé ‘to join’; néxdɨk ‘glue’; néxdɨkṇ ‘sticky, gluey’;
back grade: náxdə ‘neck’; nədá ‘bridge’;
ŋrgʷ “to hate, to be angry”
zero-grade: ŋṛ́gʷṇ ‘evil, hateful’;
front grade: ŋṛgʷé ‘to hate’; ŋérgʷɨti ‘enemy’; pəŋrégʷu ‘to pacify, to reconcile’; məŋrégʷṣ ‘to provoke’;
back grade: ŋṛgʷá ‘hatred, anger’; ŋárgʷṇ ‘angry’;
ŋyʔ “to chew”
zero-grade: ŋíʔə ‘porridge’; ŋíʔṇ ‘chewy’;
front grade: ŋéyʔət ‘goat’; ŋiʔé ‘to chew’;
back grade: ŋáyʔil ‘jaw’;
plm “to be dark”
zero-grade: pḷ́mə ‘night’; pɨlṇn ‘dark’;
front grade: pḷmé ‘to grow dark’; pélṇs ‘to make dark, to colour in, to dye’; pélṇsti ‘dye’;
back grade: pálmə ‘darkeness’; pálṇn ‘black’; pálṇt ’storm cloud’;
prkʷ “to weep, to cry”
zero-grade: pṛ́kʷə ‘teardrop’;
front grade: pṛkʷé ‘to weep’; pérkʷṛ ‘widow, widower’; pérkʷun ‘to mourn’; pérkʷə ‘lamentation’;
back grade: párkʷə ‘misery, sorrow’; párkʷən ‘sad, unhappy’;
psŋ “to follow”
zero-grade: pṣŋɨ ‘after, following’; pɨsṇn ‘near, close to’;
front grade: pṣŋé ‘to follow’; pésṇw ‘to obey’; pésṇy ‘to belong to, to pertain’; pésṇr ‘follower, retainer’;
back grade: pásŋə ‘path, track, trail’; pṣŋá ‘a hunt, an expedition, a journey’
pwt “to exhale, to inflate”
zero-grade: pútti ‘bladder’;
front grade: puté ‘to blow’; péwɨtki ‘to inflate, to blow up’; péwɨtti ‘inflated bladder used as a flotation device on a raft’; péwtis ‘to fart, to break wind’;
back grade: páwtə ‘a fart’; putá ‘wind’; páwtil ‘breeze’;
pyt “to feed, to give suck”
zero-grade: pítə ‘milk’;
front grade: pité ‘to suckle, to feed’; péytṛ ‘nursemaid, wet nurse’; péyɨtti ‘baby’;
back grade: páytə ‘breast’; páytil ‘nipple’;
pyʔ “to cut, to slice”
zero-grade: píʔu ’to cut’;
front grade: péyʔu ‘to hack at, to chop’;
back grade: piʔá ‘cut, wound’; páyʔɨk ‘knife’;
pʔr “to stand”
zero-grade: pɨ́ʔṛ ‘to exist, to be situated’;
front grade: péʔṛy ‘to stand up’; péʔṛs ‘to place, to set’;
back grade: páʔrə ‘place, location’; pɨʔrá ‘pillar, post’; páʔris ‘posture, position’;
rnk “to bubble up”
zero-grade: rṇ́kɨ ‘yeast’;
front grade: rénkṣ ‘to boil’; rṇké ‘to ferment’;
back grade: ránkṣt ‘spring, fountain’;